45 Makore eClimate Conferences  

Kubva paWorld Climate Conference yekutanga muna 1979 kusvika kuCOP29 muna 2024, rwendo rweClimate Conferences rwave rwuchipa tariro. Nepo misangano yakabudirira mukuunza vanhu vese pamwechete gore rega rega nekuda kwechikonzero chakafanana chekudzikamisa kudziya kwepasi uye kubata nematambudziko ane chekuita nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, kubudirira kwayo kusvika parizvino mukudzikamisa kuburitswa, mari yemamiriro ekunze uye kuderedza kune zvakawanda zvekushuvira. . Mumamiriro ezvinhu aripo, kusangana nedonzvo rekudzikamisa kudziya kusvika pa1.5-degree pakupera kwezana rino sezvakataurwa muParis Agreement inoita kunge isingaite kupihwa kuzeza nevezhinji vari kusimukira hupfumi nemapato anogadzira mafuta. Mari yemamiriro ekunze ndiyo yaive yakatarisana neCOP29 ichangobva kupera muBaku. Inogona kukwidza mari yacho katatu kubva kumadhora mabhiriyoni zana pagore kusvika kumadhora mazana matatu emadhora pagore ne100, asi izvi zvishoma pane zvinotarisirwa zvemari kuti zvigadzirise matambudziko emamiriro ekunze. Zvakabvumiranwa muchikamu cheBaku "kuchengetedza kuyedza kwevatambi vese kushanda pamwe chete kukwidza mari kunyika dzichiri kusimukira, kubva kune veruzhinji nedzakavanzika kusvika pamadhora 300 trillion pagore panosvika 2035", zvisinei mari yemamiriro ekunze inoramba iri chinhu chakasimba pakati peNorth. uye South. Kubudirira kwekudzikisa kuburitsa uye kudzikisira kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kunotsamira zvakanyanya pakuti homwe yemadhora matrillioni ichavepo yekutsigira Non-Annex I Mapato (kureva, nyika dzichiri kusimukira).  

Musangano weUnited Nations Climate Change chiitiko chegore negore. Musangano wegore rino weClimate Change kureva. iwo 29^th musangano weMusangano weMapato (COP) weUnited Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) wakaitwa kubva 11 Mbudzi 2024 kusvika 24 Mbudzi 2024 muBaku, Azerbaijan.  

Musangano weFirst World Climate Conference (WCC) wakaitwa muna Kukadzi 1979 kuGeneva pasi pechirongwa cheWorld Meteorological Organisation (WMO). Kwakanga kuri kuungana kwesainzi kwenyanzvi dzakaziva kuti mamiriro ekunze epasi rose achinja nekufamba kwemakore uye akaongorora zvazvinoreva kuvanhu. Yakakumbira Marudzi muChiziviso chayo kuvandudza ruzivo rwemamiriro ekunze uye kudzivirira chinjo dzipi nedzipi dzakaipa dzinoitwa nomunhu mumugariro wokunze. Pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, WCC yokutanga yakatungamirira kukuumbwa kweboka renyanzvi pamusoro pekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze.  

Sangano reIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) rakavambwa muna Mbudzi 1988 neWorld Meteorological Organisation (WMO) neUnited Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) kuti riongorore sainzi ine chekuita nekusanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Yakakumbirwa kuongorora mamiriro eruzivo rwuripo pamusoro pemamiriro ekunze uye shanduko yemamiriro ekunze; kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza, upfumi, uye magariro ekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze; uye nzira dzemhinduro dzinobvira. Mumushumo wayo wekutanga wekuongorora wakabudiswa muna Mbudzi 1990, IPCC yakacherechedza kuti magasi egreenhouse akawedzera zvakanyanya mumhepo nekuda kwezviitiko zvevanhu saka yechipiri World Climate Conference uye kudanwa kwechibvumirano chepasi rose chekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze.  

Musangano wechipiri weWorld Climate Conference (WCC) wakaitwa muna Gumiguru-Mbudzi 1990 muGeneva. Nyanzvi dzakaratidza njodzi yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze asi dzakaodzwa mwoyo nekusavepo kwekuzvipira kwakanyanya muMinisterial Declaration. Zvakadaro, yakafambira mberi nechibvumirano chepasi rose chakarongwa.  

Musi wa11 Zvita 1990, UN General Assembly yakamisa Komiti yeIntergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC) yeChibvumirano cheChirongwa cheKuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze uye nhaurirano dzakatanga. Muna May 1992, the Sangano reUnited Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) yakagamuchirwa kuHofisi yeUN. Muna Chikumi 1992, UNFCCC yakavhurirwa kusaina paPasi Summit muRio. Musi wa21 Kurume 1994, UNFCCC yakatanga kushanda, sechibvumirano chepasi rose chekumisa kuburitswa kwegasi rinopisa uye kugadzirisa kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Izvi zvinobva pamusimboti webasa rakafanana asi rakapatsanurwa uye kugona kwakasiyana (CBDR-RC) kureva, nyika imwe neimwe ine hunyanzvi hwakasiyana uye mabasa akasiyana uye zvisungo zvakasiyana mukugadzirisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze.  

UNFCCC chibvumirano chehwaro chinopa hwaro hwenhaurirano uye zvibvumirano zvinoenderana nemamiriro enyika. Nyika zana nemakumi mapfumbamwe nenomwe dzakasaina chibvumirano ichi; imwe neimwe inozivikanwa se'Party' kumusangano wegadziriro. Nyika idzi dzakakamurwa kuita mapoka matatu zvichienderana nezvisungo zvakasiyana – Annex I Parties (nyika dzakabudirira dzeOECD pamwe neEconomies in transition in Europe), Annex II Parties (nyika dzeOECD dzeAnnex I), uye Non-Annex I Parties (nyika dzichiri kusimukira) . Annex II Mapato anopa zviwanikwa zvemari nerutsigiro kune Non-Annex I Mapato (kureva, nyika dzichiri kusimukira) kuita mabasa ekuderedza kuburitswa.  

Nyika (kana Mapato kuUNFCCC) dzinosangana gore rega rega kumusangano Musangano Wemapato (COP) kutaurirana mhinduro dzemarudzi akawanda pakushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Iyo "Conferences of Parties (COP)" inoitwa gore rega rega inonziwo "United Nations Climate Change Conferences".  

Musangano wekutanga weMapato (COP 1) wakaitirwa muBerlin muna Kubvumbi 1995 uko kwakazivikanwa kuti zvisungo zveMapato muChibvumirano "zvaive zvisina kukwana" pazvinangwa zvekusangana, nekudaro chibvumirano chekudzikisa kuburitswa kwegasi rinopisa rakagamuchirwa panguva yeCOP3. muKyoto musi wa11 Zvita 1997. Inonyanya kudanwa Kyoto Protocol, ichi chaive chibvumirano chekutanga chepasi rose chekuderedza kusvibiswa kwegasi chine chinangwa chekudzivirira kukanganiswa kweanthropogenic kune njodzi nemamiriro ekunze. Izvi zvakasungira nyika dzakabudirira kuderedza utsi. Kuzvipira kwayo kwekutanga kwakapera muna 2012. Nguva yekuzvipira yechipiri yakabvumiranwa panguva yeCOP18 muna 2012 muDoha iyo yakawedzera chibvumirano kusvika muna 2020.  

Chibvumirano cheParis pamwe ndicho chisungo chakazara kusvika parizvino nenharaunda yepasi rose 195 yekurwisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze kusvika kune yakaderera-kabhoni, inosimba uye yakasimba remangwana. Yakagamuchirwa musi wa 12 Zvita 2015 panguva yeCOP 21 musangano muguta guru reFrance. Izvi zvakaronga kosi yakazara kupfuura kudzikiswa kwekuburitswa kwegasi rinopisa rinofukidza kudzikisira kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, kugadzirisa, uye mari yemamiriro ekunze.  

Tafura: Paris Agreement 

Kubva muna Kukadzi 2023, nyika 195 dzakasaina Chibvumirano cheParis. USA yakabuda muchibvumirano muna 2020 asi yakabatana zvakare muna 2021.  

Kukosha kwechinangwa cheParis Agreement chekudzikamisa kudziya kwepasi kusvika pa1.5°C pamusoro pemazinga asati atanga maindasitiri panosvika 2050 zvakasimbiswa sechinhu chakakosha neIPCC muna Gumiguru 2018 kudzivirira kusanaya kwemvura kunowanzoitika uye kwakanyanya, mafashamo nemadutu nezvimwe zvinokanganisa mamiriro ekunze. shanduko. 

Kudzikamisa kudziya kwepasi kusvika pa1.5°C, kuburitswa kwegasi regreenhouse kunofanirwa kunge kwakakwira 2025 isati yasvika uye kupetwa nepakati panosvika 2030. kuongorora (yekufambira mberi kwakabatana mukuita zvinangwa zvemamiriro ekunze zve2015 Paris Agreement) yakapihwa paCOP28 yakaitirwa kuDubai muna 2023 yakaratidza kuti pasirese harisi mugwara rekudzikamisa tembiricha kusvika 1.5°C pakupera kwezana rino remakore. Shanduko iyi haina kukurumidza zvakakwana kuti iwane kuderedzwa kwe43% mukuburitswa kwegasi regreenhouse panosvika 2030 izvo zvinogona kudzikisira kudziya kwepasi mukati mezvishuvo zvazvino. Nekudaro, COP 28 yakadaidzira shanduko yakakwana kubva kumafuta ezvicherwa kuenda ku zero kuburitswa panosvika 2050 kuburikidza nekatatu simba rinodzokororwa simba, kuwedzera kaviri kuvandudzwa kwesimba panosvika 2030, kudzikisira-pasi-pasi simba remarasha risingadzimike, kubvisa kusashanda kwemafuta emafuta, uye kuburikidza nekutora mamwe matanho ayo dzinga shanduko kubva kune zvisaririra mumasisitimu emagetsi, nekudaro, zvichiunza kutanga kwekupera kwefossil. nguva yemafuta.   

COP28 yakatanga chirongwa cheGlobal Climate Finance Framework yekutsigira hupfumi hutsva hwemamiriro ekunze uku ichiona kuti mari yemamiriro ekunze iripo, inokwanisika, uye inowanikwa. COP28 Chiziviso paGlobal Climate Finance Framework inofanira kuunza Global North neGlobal South pedyo nekuvaka pamusoro pesimba rakagadzirwa nezvirongwa zviripo.   

Iwo maviri epakati madingindira eCOP28, kureva. kuderedzwa kwekabhoni emission uye mari yemamiriro ekunze kwakanzwika zvakanyanya muCOP29 yakapera munguva pfupi yapfuura zvakare.  

COP29 yakaitirwa muBaku, Azerbaijan kubva musi wa11 Mbudzi 2024 uye yaizopera musi wa22 Mbudzi 2024 zvisinei kuti chikamu chakawedzerwa nemaawa angangosvika makumi matatu nematatu kusvika 33 Mbudzi 24 kupa nguva yakawedzerwa kune vaitaurirana kuti vabatsire kusvika pakubvumirana. Hapana nzira yaigona kuitwa pamusoro pechinangwa che "kuchinja kwakakwana kubva kumafuta efossil kuenda kune zero emissions panosvika 2024 kuderedza kudziya kwepasi kusvika ku2050 ° C pakupera kwezana rino ramakore" (zvichida nekuda kwekunetsana kwemamiriro ezvinhu, sezvo Azerbaijan iri mugadziri mukuru wemafuta asina kukora uye gasi rechisikigo).   

Pasinei neizvi, chibvumirano chebudiriro chinogona kuitwa kumari yemamiriro ekunze nekatatu kunyika dzichiri kusimukira, kubva pachinangwa chekare chemabhiriyoni zana emadhora pagore, kusvika kumadhora mabhiriyoni 100 pagore panosvika 300. Uku kukwira nekatatu asi kuduku zvikuru pane kunofungidzirwa kuti chinodikanwa chemari kusangana nematambudziko emamiriro ekunze. Zvakadaro, pakanga paine chibvumirano che "kuchengetedza kuyedza kwevatambi vese kushanda pamwe chete kukwidza mari kunyika dzichiri kusimukira, kubva kune veruzhinji nedzakavanzika kusvika kumadhora 2035 trillion pagore panosvika 1.3", zvisinei mari yemamiriro ekunze inoramba iri nzvimbo inonamira pakati peNorth. uye South. Kubudirira kwekudzikisa kuburitsa uye kudzikisira kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kunotsamira zvakanyanya pakuti homwe yemadhora matrillioni ichavepo yekutsigira Non-Annex I Mapato (kureva, nyika dzichiri kusimukira). 

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References:  

1. WMO 1979. Declaration of the World Climate Conference. Inowanikwa pa https://dgvn.de/fileadmin/user_upload/DOKUMENTE/WCC-3/Declaration_WCC1.pdf  

2. UNFCC. Nguva yakatarwa. Inowanikwa pa https://unfccc.int/timeline/  

3. UNFCC. Chii chinonzi Mapato & vasiri veBato vane chekuita? Inowanikwa pa https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/what-are-parties-non-party-stakeholders  

4. LSE. Chii chinonzi UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)? Inowanikwa pa https://www.lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute/explainers/what-is-the-un-framework-convention-on-climate-change-unfccc/  

5. UNFCC. Kyoto Protocol - Zvinangwa zvenguva yekutanga yekuzvipira. Inowanikwa pa  https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-kyoto-protocol/what-is-the-kyoto-protocol/kyoto-protocol-targets-for-the-first-commitment-period

6. LSE. Chii chinonzi Chibvumirano cheParis? Inowanikwa pa https://www.lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute/explainers/what-is-the-paris-agreement/  

7. COP29. Kubudirira muBaku kunopa $ 1.3tn "Baku Finance Goal". Yakatumirwa 24 Mbudzi 2024. Inowanikwa pa https://cop29.az/en/media-hub/news/breakthrough-in-baku-delivers-13tn-baku-finance-goal  

8. UKFCCC. Nhau - COP29 UN Climate Conference Inobvumirana Nemari Katatu Kunyika Dziri Kusimukira, Kuchengetedza Hupenyu uye Hupenyu. Yakatumirwa 24 Mbudzi 2024.Inowanikwa pa https://unfccc.int/news/cop29-un-climate-conference-agrees-to-triple-finance-to-developing-countries-protecting-lives-and  

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