Kuderedza Kuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze: Kudyara Miti muArtic Worsens Global Warming

Kudzoreredza sango uye kudyara kwemiti inzira yakanyatsogadziriswa yekudzikisa kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Zvisinei, kushandisa nzira iyi muArctic inowedzera kudziya uye inopesana nekuderedza kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti kufukidzwa kwemiti kunoderedza albedo (kana kuratidzira kwechiedza chezuva) uye kunowedzera rima repamusoro izvo zvinoguma nekudziya kwemambure (nekuti miti inotora kupisa kwakawanda kubva kuzuva kupfuura chando). Kupfuurirazve, zviitwa zvekudyara miti zvinokanganisawo dziva rekabhoni revhu reArctic iro rinochengeta kabhoni yakawanda kupfuura zvirimwa zvese zvePasi. Naizvozvo, nzira yekudzikisa kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze haifanire kunge yakatarisana nekabhoni. Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kunoreva kuenzana kwesimba rePasi (mambure esimba rezuva rinogara mumhepo uye simba rezuva richisiya mhepo). Huwandu hwemagasi egreenhouse hunoratidza kuti kupisa kwakachengetwa kwakadii mumhepo yePasi. Munzvimbo dzeArctic, pahupamhi hwepamusoro, albedo effect (kureva, kupenya kwechiedza chezuva kudzoka muchadenga pasina kushandurwa kuita kupisa) kunonyanya kukosha (kupfuura greenhouse effect nekuda kwekuchengetwa kwekabhoni mumhepo) pachiyero chesimba rose. Nokudaro, chinangwa chese chekudzikisa kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze chinoda nzira yakakwana.   

Zvidyarwa nemhuka zvinoramba zvichiburitsa kabhoni dhaikisaidhi (CO₂) mumhepo kuburikidza nekufema. Zvimwe zviitiko zvechisikigo zvakaita semoto wemusango uye kuputika kwemakomo zvakare kunoburitsa CO₂ mumhepo. Chiyero muatmospheric CO₂ inochengetedzwa neyakajairwa kabhoni sequestration nemiti yakasvibira pamberi pechiedza chezuva kuburikidza nephotosynthesis. Nekudaro, zviitiko zvevanhu kubvira 18^th zana remakore, kunyanya kutorwa nekupiswa kwemafuta ezvicherwa semarasha, petroleum mafuta, uye gasi rechisikigo, zvakasimudza huwandu hwemuchadenga CO.₂.  

Zvinofadza, kuwedzera kwehuwandu hweCO₂ mumhepo inozivikanwa kuratidza kabhoni fertilization mhedzisiro (kureva, girini zvirimwa photosynthesize zvakanyanya mukupindura kune yakawanda CO₂ mumhepo). Chikamu chakanaka cheyazvino terrestrial carbon sink inonzi yakawedzera iyi photosynthesis yepasi rose mukupindura kukwira kweCO.₂. Muna 1982-2020, photosynthesis yepasi rose yakawedzera neinosvika 12% mukupindura kuwedzera kwe17% mumhepo yepasi rose carbon dioxide mumhepo kubva pa360 ppm kusvika 420 ppm.^1,2.  

Zviripachena, yakawedzera yepasi rose photosynthesis haikwanise kutora ese anthropogenic carbon emissions kubva pakatanga maindasitiri. Nekuda kweizvozvo, iyo atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) yakawedzera zvakanyanya ne50% mumazana maviri emakore apfuura kusvika 422 ppm (muna Gunyana 2024)³ iyo iri 150% yekukosha kwayo muna 1750. Sezvo carbon dioxide (CO₂) yakakosha greenhouse gasi, iyi yakakosha kuwedzera kwese kwemumhepo CO₂ zvakakonzera kudziya kwepasi uye kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze.  

Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kunoratidzwa nenzira yekunyunguduka kweaizi nemazaya echando, kudziya kwemakungwa, kukwira kwemvura yemugungwa, mafashamo, madutu ane njodzi, kusanaya kwemvura nguva nenguva, kushomeka kwemvura, masaisai ekupisa, moto wakakomba, nemamwe mamiriro ezvinhu akaipa. Zvine mhedzisiro yakaipa pahupenyu hwevanhu uye nemararamiro nekudaro kukosha kwekudzikisira. Naizvozvo, kuderedza kudziya kwepasi uye tembiricha kukwira kusvika ku1.5°C pakupera kwezana rino ramakore, the Musangano weUN Climate Change vaona kuti kuburitsa gasi regreenhouse pasi rose kunofanirwa kuderedzwa nezvikamu makumi mana nezvitatu kubva muzana panosvika gore ra43 uye vakadaidza mapato kuti asiyane nefossil mafuta kuti asvike. net zero choutsi kubudikidza 2050.  

Pamusoro pekuderedza kuburitsa kabhoni, kuita kwemamiriro ekunze kunogona zvakare kutsigirwa nekubvisa kabhoni kubva mumhepo. Chero kusimudzira mukutorwa kweatmospheric carbon kungabatsira.  

Marine photosynthesis ne phytoplankton, kelp, uye algal plankton mumakungwa inokonzera inenge hafu ye carbon capture. Zvinokurudzirwa kuti microalgal biotechnology inogona kubatsira mukutora kabhoni kuburikidza nephotosynthesis. Kudzoreredza kutemwa kwemasango nekudyara miti uye kudzoreredza nyika yesango kunogona kubatsira zvakanyanya kuderedza mamiriro ekunze. Imwe ongororo yakawana kuti kusimudzira masango epasi rose kunogona kuita zvakakosha. Yakaratidza kuti denga remiti yepasi rose pasi pemamiriro ekunze azvino hectares 4.4 bhiriyoni zvinoreva kuti mamwe mahekita 0.9 bhiriyoni evhavha yecanopy (yakaenzana ne25% kuwedzera munzvimbo ine masango) inogona kugadzirwa mushure mekusiya nzvimbo iripo. Ichi chekuwedzera chivharo checanopy kana chikasikwa chaizotora uye chichengetera 205 gigatonnes yekabhoni inokwana kuita 25% yeazvino atmospheric carbon pool. Kudzoreredzwa kwemasango epasi rose chinhu chakakosha zvakare nekuti kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kusinga vhiringike kunozokonzera kudzikiswa kweanosvika mamirioni mazana maviri nemakumi maviri nematatu mahekita emasango (kunyanya munzvimbo dzinopisa) uye kurasikirwa kwezvakasiyana siyana panosvika 223.^4,5. 

Kudyara kwemiti munzvimbo yeArctic  

Nzvimbo yeArctic inoreva chikamu chekuchamhembe cheNyika pamusoro pe 66° 33′N latitude mukati medenderedzwa reArtic. Zvizhinji zvedunhu iri (zvinenge 60%) zvakagarwa neaizi yegungwa yakafukidzwa negungwa reArctic. Iyo artic landmass iri kutenderera kumucheto kwekumaodzanyemba kweArtic Ocean inotsigira tundra kana sango rekuchamhembe.  

Masango eBoreal (kana taiga) ari kumaodzanyemba kweArctic Circle uye anoratidzwa nemasango ane coniferous anosanganisira mazhinji emipaini, maspruce, uye maburi. Ine nguva yechando yakareba, inotonhora uye pfupi, inonaya muzhizha. Kune miti yakawanda inoshivirira kutonhora, inobereka cone, inogara yakasvibira, coniferous miti (mipaini, spruces, uye firs) inochengeta mashizha ayo akaita sono gore rose. Kuenzaniswa nemasango ane mwero uye masango anogara achinaya mvura, masango ane boreal ane goho rekutanga, ane mashoma emhando dzezvirimwa zvakasiyana uye haana akaturikidzana masango. Kune rumwe rutivi, arctic tundra iri kuchamhembe kwemasango ane boreal munzvimbo dzeArtic dzekuchamhembe kwehemisphere, uko pasi pevhu rinoomesa nechando zvachose. Nzvimbo iyi inotonhora zvakanyanya neavhareji yechando neyezhizha tembiricha iri pakati -34°C ne3°C – 12°C zvichiteerana. Ivhu repasi rinogara rakaomeswa nechando (permafrost) saka midzi yemiti haigone kupinda mukati mevhu uye zvinomera zvakaderera pasi. Tundra ine yakanyanya kuderera kwekutanga kubereka, yakaderera mhando dzakasiyana uye nguva pfupi yekukura yemavhiki e10 apo zvinomera zvinokura nekukurumidza mukupindura kwezuva refu.  

Kukura kwemuti munzvimbo dzeArctic kunokanganiswa nepermafrost nekuti pasi pemvura yakaomeswa nechando inotadzisa kudzika kwemidzi. Yakawanda ye tundra ine inoenderera permafrost nepo masango eboreal aripo munzvimbo dzine zvishoma kana pasina permafrost. Nekudaro, iyo arctic permafrost haina kukanganiswa.  

Sezvo kudziya kwemamiriro ekunze (zviri kuitika zvakapetwa kaviri seavhareji yepasirese), mhedzisiro yekunyungudika uye kurasikirwa kwepermafrost kunosimudzira kupona kwembeu yemiti yekutanga. Kuvapo kweshrub canopy kwakawanikwa kuve kwakabatana nekuwedzera kurarama uye kukura kwembeu kuita miti. Kuumbwa kwemarudzi uye kushanda kwezvipenyu munharaunda iri kuitika nekukurumidza. Sezvo mamiriro ekunze achidziya uye permafrost inoshatisa, zvinomera zvinogona kusimuka kubva pamuti-mushoma arctic kuenda kune miti-inotongwa mune ramangwana.⁶.  

Ko zvinomera zvingachinjira kune miti-inotongwa arctic landscape kuderedza mhepo CO₂ kuburikidza nekuwedzerwa photosynthesis uye kubatsira kuderedza kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze? Nzvimbo yeArctic inogona kutariswa sekudyara masango kubvisa mumhepo CO₂. Mune ese ari maviri mamiriro, iyo arctic permafrost inofanirwa kunyunguduka kana kudzikisira kutanga kubvumidza kukura kwemiti. Nekudaro, kunyungudutswa kwepermafrost kunoburitsa methane mumhepo inova gasi rine simba regreenhouse uye rinobatsira mukuwedzera kudziya. Kuburitswa kwemethane kubva kupermafrost kunobatsirawo mukupisa kukuru kwesango mudunhu.  

Kana iri zano rekubvisa mumhepo CO₂ kuburikidza ne photosynthesis nekudyara masango kana miti yemiti munharaunda yeartic uye nemigumisiro yekuderedza kudziya uye kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze, vatsvakurudzi.⁷ vakawana nzira iyi isingakodzeri nharaunda uye inopesana nekuderedza kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti kufukidzwa kwemiti kunoderedza albedo (kana kuratidzwa kwechiedza chezuva) uye kunowedzera rima repamusoro izvo zvinoguma nekudziya kwemambure nekuti miti inotora kupisa kwakawanda kubva kuzuva kupfuura sinou. Kupfuurirazve, zviitwa zvekudyara miti zvinokanganisawo dziva rekabhoni revhu reArctic iro rinochengeta kabhoni yakawanda kupfuura zvirimwa zvese zvePasi.  

Naizvozvo, nzira yekudzikisa kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze haifanire kunge yakatarisana nekabhoni. Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kunoreva kuenzana kwesimba rePasi (mambure esimba rezuva rinogara mumhepo uye simba rezuva richisiya mhepo). Magasi eGreenhouse ndiwo anosarudza kuti kupisa kwakawanda kwakachengetwa mumhepo yePasi. Munzvimbo dzeArctic pahupamhi hwepamusoro, mhedzisiro yealbedo (kureva, kutaridza kwechiedza chezuva kudzokera muchadenga pasina kushandurwa kuita kupisa) kunonyanya kukosha (kupfuura kuchengetwa kwekabhoni yemuchadenga) pachiyero chesimba rose. Nokudaro, chinangwa chese chekudzikisa kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze chinoda nzira yakakwana.  

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References:  

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