Chimwe chezviitiko zvakakosha munyaya yebudiriro yemunhu kuvandudzwa kwemaitiro ekunyora zvichibva pazviratidzo zvinomiririra manzwi emutauro. Zviratidzo zvakadaro zvinonzi alphabets. Iyo alfabheti yekunyora sisitimu inoshandisa nhamba inogumira yezviratidzo uye yakavakirwa pahukama hunofanotaurwa pakati pemanzwi nezviratidzo. Parizvino, kunyora kwearufabheti kunofungidzirwa kuti kwakatanga muna 1800 BCE zvichibva pamushumo wa2022 wekuwanikwa kwemuzinga weIvory kuTel Lakishi wakanyorwa nemutsara wakanyorwa mumutauro weKenani. Zvisinei, zvinonzi zvakanyorwa pamasilinda madiki evhu kubva muna 2400 BCE akacherwa paUmm el-Marra kuSyria muna 2004 zviratidzo zvinomiririra manzwi emutauro. Asi magwaro haasati akwanisa kushandurirwa nokudaro zvinoreva chokwadi chinoramba chisingazivikanwi. Mubvunzo wekuti humbowo hwekutanga here hwekunyora kwearufabheti ndehwe2400 BCE uchagadziriswa zvinogutsa kana zvinorehwa nezvinyorwa zvezvinyorwa izvi zvichaburitswa mune chero chidzidzo chiri kuuya.
Homo sapiens vakasiyana muumambo mhenyu mukuve nekushanduka-shanduka kweoro-chiso musculature kuti ibudise manzwi akakodzera akarongwa kuti ataure pfungwa nemazano nevamwe. Mitauro (kureva, nzira dzakarongwa dzekutaurirana) dzakagadzirwa pamusoro pehwaro hwekutaura nemuromo. Nokufamba kwenguva, gadziriro yekunyora yakatanga kushandisa zviratidzo nemirau kuti inyore mativi emitauro inotaurwa. Sekutsungirira kumiririrwa kwemutauro unotaurwa, kunyora kwakafambisa kuchengetedza uye kutamisa ruzivo uye kwakabata basa rakakosha mukukura kwebudiriro.
Maitiro ekutanga ekunyora akadai saSumerian (3400 BC -1 AD), VaEgipita Hieroglyphics (3200 BC - 400 AD), Akkadian (2500 BC), Eblaite (2400 BC - 550 BC), uye Indus valley (2600 BC -1900 BC) vakashandisa pictographs (mifananidzo yekuratidza mazwi kana pfungwa), ideographs (mavara akadai semabhii echiChinese), uye logographs (zviratidzo kana mavara anomiririra izwi kana chirevo) sezviratidzo zvekukodha mitauro inotaurwa. Manyorero emimwe mitauro yemazuva ano seChinese, Japanese, uye Korean anowirawo muchikamu ichi. Chiratidzo chega chega che encoding chinomiririra chinhu chimwe, pfungwa imwe, kana izwi rimwechete kana chirevo. Naizvozvo, aya masisitimu ekunyora anoda nhamba huru yezviratidzo. Semuenzaniso, Chinese kunyora system ine anopfuura zviuru makumi mashanu zviratidzo zvekumiririra mazwi uye zvazvinoreva mumutauro weChinese. Nomuzvarirwo, kudzidza manyorero akadaro hakusi nyore.
Chimwe chezviitiko zvakakosha munyaya yebudiriro yemunhu kuvandudzwa kwemaitiro ekunyora zvichibva pazviratidzo zvinomiririra manzwi emutauro. Zviratidzo zvakadaro zvinonzi alphabets. Mumanyorero ekunyora arufabheti sechiRungu, 26 zviratidzo (kana alphabets) uye mapatani awo anomiririra manzwi emutauro weChirungu.
Iyo alfabheti yekunyora sisitimu inoshandisa nhamba inogumira yezviratidzo uye yakavakirwa pahukama hunofanotaurwa pakati pemanzwi nezviratidzo. Zviri nyore pane zvinyorwa zvisiri-arufabheti kudzidza uye zvinopa mikana isingaperi yekutaurirana zviri nyore uye nemazvo. Kugadzirwa kwemaarufabheti kwakareva kupararira kuri nyore kwezivo nepfungwa. Yakavhura musuwo wekudzidza uye yakagonesa nhamba huru yevanhu kuverenga nekunyora uye kutora chikamu mune zvekutengeserana nekutengeserana, kutonga uye zvetsika zviitiko zvinobudirira. Hatigone kufungidzira budiriro yemazuva ano isina alfabheti yekunyora iyo inoramba iine basa kupfuura nakare kose.
Asi maarufabheti akagadzirwa rini? Ndehupi humbowo hwekutanga hwearufabheti kunyora masisitimu?
Irimestone flake yakanyorwa neshoko rekare reEgypt rakashumwa muna 2015. Yakawanikwa muguva rekare reEgipita pedyo neLuxor. Mashoko ari muzvinyorwa akarongwa maererano nekurira kwawo kwekutanga. Ichi chigadzirwa chakaitwa che15th zana remakore BC uye yaifungidzirwa kuti ndiyo yekare uchapupu hwekunyora kwearufabheti.
Nekudaro, mamiriro akachinja ne2022 chirevo chekuwanikwa kwechinyakare artifact. Muzinga wenzou wakanyorwa nemutsara wakanyorwa mumutauro wechiKenani wakawanikwa kuTel Lakishi une mavara gumi nemanomwe kubva padanho rekutanga rekugadzirwa kwemavara echinyorwa chinoumba mazwi manomwe. Muzinga wenyanga dzenzou uyu wakawanikwa kubva muna 17 BC. Zvichienderana nekufambidzana uku, zvinofungidzirwa kuti alphabet yakagadzirwa kutenderera 1700 BCE. Asi kune zvakawanda kunyaya yekwakabva manyorerwo earufabheti.
Muna 2004, zvinhu zvina zvidiki zvecylindrical zvakagadzirwa nevhu zvinosvika masendimita mana pakureba zvakawanikwa mukuchera paUmm el-Marra kuSyria. Iwo ma artefacts akawanikwa muEarly Bronze Age layers, anosvika 4 BCE. Carbon dating yakasimbisa kuti vanobva ku2300 BCE. Zvinhu zvecylindrical zvine mamaki ayo akasimbiswa kuve manyoro asi zvakajeka kwete logo-syllabic cuneiform. Zvinyorwa zvine imwe yakafanana neyeEgypt hieroglyphs asi inoita senge Semitic alfabheti kunyora.
Mutsvakurudzi nguva pfupi yadarika akataura kuti micherechedzo iri pahumburumbira yevhu zviratidzo zvinomirira manzwi anofambirana naa, i, k, l, n, s uye y. Zvisinei, zvinyorwa hazvisati zvashandurwa nokudaro zvinoreva chokwadi chinoramba chisingazivikanwi.
Mubvunzo wekuti humbowo hwekutanga hwekunyorwa kwearufabheti ndehwe2400 BCE huchagadziriswa zvinogutsa apo zvinorehwa nezvinyorwa pamasilinda evhu akawanikwa paUmm el-Marra saiti muna 2004 zvichaburitswa mune chero chidzidzo cheramangwana.
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References:
- Leiden University. Nhau - Yekutanga inozivikanwa alfabheti yezwi runyorwa yakawanikwa. Yakatumirwa 05 Mbudzi 2015. Inowanikwa pa https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/news/2015/11/earliest-known-alphabetic-word-list-discovered
- Hebrew University. Mutsara Wokutanga Wati Wambonyorwa muMutauro weKenani Wakawanikwa kuTel Lakishi: Chihebheru U. Unearths Muzinga Wenzou kubva muna 1700 BCE Wakanyorwa Nechikumbiro Chokuparadza Inda— “Ngaidzi [nyanga dzenzou] dzidzure inda dzebvudzi nendebvu”. Yakatumirwa 13 Mbudzi 2022. Inowanikwa pa https://en.huji.ac.il/news/first-sentence-ever-written-canaanite-language-discovered-tel-lachish-hebrew-u
- Vainstub, D., 2022. Chishuvo chemuKenani cheKubvisa Inda paMuzinga Wenzou Yakanyorwa kubva kuRakishi. Jerusalem Journal yeArchaeology, 2022; 2:76 DOI: https://doi.org/10.52486/01.00002.4
- Johns Hopkins University. Nhau -Kunyora kwearufabheti kunogona kunge kwakatanga makore 500 zvisati zvaitika pane zvakatendwa. Yakatumirwa 13 Chikunguru 2021.Inowanikwa pa https://hub.jhu.edu/2021/07/13/alphabetic-writing-500-years-earlier-glenn-schwartz/
- Johns Hopkins University. Nhau - Humbowo hwezvinyorwa zvekare zvinozivikanwa zvearufabheti zvakafukunurwa muguta rekare reSyria. Yakatumirwa 21 Mbudzi 2024. Inowanikwa pa https://hub.jhu.edu/2024/11/21/ancient-alphabet-discovered-syria/
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