ziviso

Iyo Lipid Inoongorora sei Kusarura Echinyakare Chikafu Tsika uye Culinary Maitiro

Chromatography uye kompani chaiyo isotopu kuongororwa kwelipid inoramba iri muhari yekare inotaura zvakawanda nezvekare chikafu tsika uye tsika dzekubika. Mumakumi maviri emakore apfuura, nzira iyi yakabudirira kushandiswa kuburitsa zvekare chikafu maitiro enzvimbo dzinoverengeka dzekuchera matongo munyika. Vatsvagiri vakashandisa nzira iyi nguva pfupi yadarika kune mahari akaunganidzwa kubva kunzvimbo dzakawanda dzekuchera matongo dzeIndus Valley Civilization. Chinokosha chekutsvaga kwesayenzi chaive kutonga kwemafuta asina kupisa mumidziyo yekubikira inoreva mhuka dzisingadyi (dzakadai sebhiza, nguruve, huku, shiri, tsuro, nezvimwewo) dzakabikwa mumidziyo kwenguva yakareba. Izvi zvinopesana nemaonero akareba (zvichibva paumbowo hwemhuka) kuti mhuka dzinodya (semombe, nyati, mhembwe, nezvimwewo) dzakadyiwa se. chikafu nevanhu veIndus Valley.  

Kuchera matongo kwenzvimbo dzakakosha muzana remakore rapfuura kwakapa ruzivo rwakawanda pamusoro petsika nemaitiro evanhu vekare. Nekudaro, kunzwisisa kudya uye kuita kwekurarama kwakatekeshera munharaunda dzekare dzekare dzisina marekodhi aimbove basa rekukwira nekuti hazvina zvakawanda zvezvaiumba 'chikafu' zvakasiiwa nekuda kwekunge kuzere kuparara kwechisikigo. chikafu uye biomolecules. Mumakumi maviri emakore adarika, akajairwa makemikari matekiniki echromatography uye komputa chaiyo ongororo yereshiyo yakagadzikana isotopes yekabhoni yapinda muzvidzidzo zvekuchera matongo zvichiita kuti vaongorori vaone kwainobva lipids. Nekuda kweizvozvo, zvave kuita kuferefeta kudya uye kurarama maitiro uchishandisa ma molecular uye isotopic ongororo yezvakatorwa zvekudya zvakasara zvichibva pane δ13C uye Δ13C kukosha.  

Zvirimwa ndizvo zvinonyanya kugadzira chikafu. Miti yakawanda inoshandisa C3 photosynthesis kugadzirisa kabhoni, saka inonzi C3 mbeu. Zviyo, bhari, mupunga, oats, rye, cowpea, cassava, soya bean nezvimwe ndizvo zvinomera zvikuru zveC3. Ndivo vanoumba huru chikafu dzevanhu. C4 zvinomera (zvakadai sechibage, nzimbe, mapfunde, uye mhunga) kune rumwe rutivi, shandisa C4 photosynthesis ye carbon fixation.  

Carbon ine maviri akatsiga isotopes, C-12 uye C-13 (yechitatu isotopu C-14, haina kugadzikana saka radioactive uye inoshandiswa pakufambidzana. organic zvakawanikwa zvekuchera matongo). Pamaisotopi maviri akagadzikana, iyo yakareruka C-12 inonyanya kutorwa mu photosynthesis. Photosynthesis haisi yepasi rose; inofarira kugadziriswa kweC-12. Uyezve, C3 zvinomera zvinotora chiedza C-12 isotope kupfuura C4 zvinomera. Zvose C3 neC4 zvinomera zvinosarura zvinorema C-13 isotope asi C4 zvinomera hazvisaruri zvakanyanya seC3 mbeu. Isa zvakasiyana, mu photosynthesis, zvose C3 neC4 zvinomera zvinofarira C-12 isotope pamusoro peC-13 asi C3 inodyara inofarira C-12 kupfuura C4 miti. Izvi zvinoguma nekusiyana kwehuwandu hwe isotopes yakagadzikana yekabhoni muC3 neC4 miti uye mumhuka dzinodya paC3 neC4 mbeu. Mhuka inodyiswa pamiti yeC3 inenge iine isotopes yakareruka kupfuura mhuka inodyiswa pamiti yeC4 inoreva kuti lipid molecule ine lighter isotope ratio inowanzobva kune mhuka inodyiswa pamiti yeC3. Iyi ndiyo nheyo yefungidziro yekomboni chaiyo isotopu kuongororwa kwelipid (kana chero imwe biomolecule yechinhu ichocho) iyo inobatsira mukuziva kwainobva lipid zvisaririra muhari. Muchidimbu, C3 neC4 zvinomera zvine zvakasiyana kabhoni isotopic ratios. Iko δ13C kukosha kweC3 zvirimwa zvakareruka pakati -30 ne −23‰ nepo paC4 zvirimwa kukosha uku kuri pakati -14 ne -12‰. 

Mushure mekubviswa kwemafuta akasara kubva kumasamples ehari, danho rekutanga rakakosha kupatsanura akasiyana lipid constituent uchishandisa hunyanzvi hweGasi chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Izvi zvinopa lipid chromatogram yemuenzaniso. Lipids inoderera nekufamba kwenguva saka izvo zvatinowanzowana mumasampuli ekare mafuta acids (FA), kunyanya palmitic acid (C).16) uye stearic acid (C18) Nekudaro, iyi kemikari yekuongorora nzira inobatsira mukuzivikanwa kwemafuta asidhi mumuenzaniso asi haipe ruzivo nezvekwakabva mafuta acids. Izvo zvinofanirwa kutariswa zvakare kana mafuta chaiwo asidhi akaonekwa mumudziyo wekubikira wekare akabva mumukaka kana nyama yemhuka kana chirimwa. Asidhi ine mafuta yakasara muhari inobva pane zvaibikwa mumudziyo munguva dzekare. 

C3 neC4 zvinomera zvine mareshiyo akasiyana eakagadzikana isotopes ekabhoni nekuda kwekuda kutorwa kweinoreruka C12 isotope panguva yephotosynthesis. Saizvozvowo, mhuka dzinodyiswa paC3 neC4 zvirimwa dzine mareshiyo akasiyana, semuenzaniso, mombe dzinopfuyiwa (mhuka dzinotyisa dzakadai semhou nenyati) dzinodyiswa paC4 chikafu (semapfunde) dzichava nechiyero chakasiyana cheisotope kupfuura mhuka diki dzakachengetwa sembudzi, gwai. uye nguruve inowanzofura uye inobudirira pamiti yeC3. Kupfuurirazve, zvigadzirwa zvemukaka uye nyama inotorwa kubva kumombe dzinotyisa zvine akasiyana isotope ratios nekuda kwekusiyana kwekubatanidzwa kwemafuta muzamu ravo remammary uye adipose tishu. Kuziva kwakabva imwe mafuta asidhi yakamboonekwa kunoitwa nenzira yekuongorora mareshiyo eakagadzikana isotopes ecarbon. Maitiro eGasi chromatography-combustion-isotopic ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS) inoshandiswa kuongorora isotope ratios yeanozivikanwa mafuta acids.   

Kukosha kwekuongororwa kwechiyero cheyakagadzika kabhoni isotopes mune lipid residues mune zvidzidzo zvekuchera matongo zve prehistoric nzvimbo zvakaratidzwa muna 1999 apo chidzidzo chenzvimbo yekuchera matongo muWelsh Borderlands, UK, chinogona kuita mutsauko wakajeka pakati pemafuta kubva kune asiri-ruminant (semuenzaniso, porcine) uye ruminant (semuenzaniso, ovine kana bovine) mabviro1. Iyi nzira inogona kupa humbowo hwakazara hwekutanga kurima mukaka mugirini reSahara Africa mumireniyamu yechishanu BC. Maodzanyemba kweAfrica aive akasvibira nezvinomera ipapo uye prehistoric Saharan African vanhu vaive vatora maitiro ekuchengeta mukaka. Izvi zvakagumiswa pahwaro hwe δ13C uye Δ13C kukosha kweiyo huru alkanoic acid yemukaka mafuta akaonekwa muhari.2. Ongororo dzakafanana dzakapa humbowo hwekutanga hwakananga hwekugadziriswa kwemukaka uye kushandiswa nevafundisi neolithic societies kumabvazuva kweAfrica.3 uye mukutanga Iron Age, kuchamhembe kweChina4

MuSouth Asia, humbowo hwekuchengetwa kwemhuri hunodzokera ku7th mireniyamu BC. Pakazosvika 4th mireniyamu BC, mhuka dzakapfuyiwa semombe, nyati, mbudzi, hwai nezvimwe zvaivepo munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana dzeIndus Valley. Paive nemazano ekushandiswa kwemhuka idzi muchikafu chemukaka nenyama asi pasina humbowo hwesainzi hwekutsigira maonero. Yakagadzika isotopu kuongororwa kwelipid yakasara yakatorwa kubva muceramic shreds yakaunganidzwa kubva Indus Valley pekugara inopa humbowo hwekutanga hwakananga hwekugadziriswa kwemukaka muSouth Asia5. Mune imwe nguva ichangopfuura, yakanyatsojeka, yakarongeka ongororo yezvimedu zvehari zvakaunganidzwa kubva kune akawanda Indus Valley nzvimbo, vaongorori vakaedza kumisa mhando yechikafu chinoshandiswa mumidziyo. Isotope kuongororwa yakasimbisa kushandiswa kwemafuta emhuka mumidziyo. Kuwana kwakakosha kwesainzi kwaive kutonga kwemafuta asiri-ruminant mumidziyo yekubikira6 zvichireva kuti mhuka dzisiri-ruminant (dzakadai sebhiza, nguruve, huku, shiri, tsuro, etc) dzakabikwa mumidziyo kwenguva yakareba uye dzakadyiwa sezvokudya. Izvi zvinopesana nemaonero akareba (zvichienderana nehumbowo hwemhuka) kuti mhuka dzinodya (senge mombe, nyati, mhembwe, mbudzi nezvimwewo) dzakadyiwa sechikafu nevanhu veIndus Valley.  

Kusawanikwa kwemafuta echizvino-zvino emuno uye mukana wekusanganiswa kwezvirimwa nemhuka zvinogumira pachidzidzo ichi. Kukunda zvinogona kuitika zvichibva mukusanganiswa kwezvirimwa nemhuka, uye nekuona kwakazara, ongororo yezviyo zvestarch yakaiswa muongororo yezvisaririra zve lipid. Izvi zvaitsigira kubikwa kwezvirimwa, zviyo, pulses nezvimwe mumudziyo. Izvi zvinobatsira kukunda zvimwe zvekugumira7

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References:  

  1. Dudd SN and said 1999. Uchapupu Hwokusiyana-siyana Kwematanho eKushandiswa kweZvigadzirwa zveMhuka mune Different Prehistoric Pottery Traditions Kubva paLipids Yakachengetwa muSurface uye Absorbed Residues. Nyaya yeArchaeological Science. Vhoriyamu 26, Nyaya 12, Zvita 1999, Mapeji 1473-1482. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/jasc.1998.0434 
  1. Dunne, J., Evershed, R., Salque, M. et al. Kutanga kudyara mukaka mugirini reSahara Africa mumireniyamu yechishanu BC. Zvisikwa 486, 390–394 (2012). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11186 
  1. Grillo KM et al 2020. Humbowo hwemamorekuru uye isotopic pamukaka, nyama, uye zvidyarwa mune prehistoric yekumabvazuva kweAfrica herder chikafu masisitimu. PNAS. 117 (18) 9793-9799. Yakabudiswa Kubvumbi 13, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1920309117 
  1. Han B., and said 2021. Lipid residue kuongororwa kwemidziyo yeceramic kubva kunzvimbo yeLiujiawa yeRuiState (kutanga Iron Age, kuchamhembe kweChina). Chinyorwa cheQuaternary Science (2022)37(1) 114–122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.3377 
  1. Chakraborty, KS, Slater, GF, Miller, H.ML. et al. Musanganiswa chaiwo isotope kuongororwa kwelipid zvakasara zvinopa humbowo hwekutanga hwakananga hwekugadziriswa kwechigadzirwa chemukaka muSouth Asia. Sci Rep 10, 16095 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72963-y 
  1. Suryanarayan A., and said 2021. Lipid zvisaririra muhari kubva kuIndus Civilization kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweIndia. Nyaya yeArchaeological Science. Vhoriyamu 125, 2021,105291. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2020.105291 
  1. García-Granero Juan José, and said 2022. Kubatanidza Lipid uye Starch Grain Inoongorora kubva kuPottery Vessels kuti Uongorore Prehistoric Foodways muNorthern Gujarat, India. Frontiers muEcology uye Evolution, 16 Kurume 2022. Sec. Paleontology . DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2022.840199 

Bibliographie  

  1. Irto A., and said 2022. Lipids muArchaeological Pottery: Ongororo pamusoro peSampling yavo uye Kubvisa Techniques. Mamorekuru 2022, 27(11), 3451; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27113451 
  1. Suryanarayan, A. 2020. Chii chiri kubika muIndus Civilisation? Kuongorora chikafu cheIndus kuburikidza neceramic lipid residue ongororo (Chiremba thesis). Yunivhesiti yeCambridge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.50249 
  1. Suryanarayan, A. 2021. Dzidziso - Lipid Residues muPottery kubva kuIndus Civilization. Inowanikwa pa https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=otgXY5_1zVo 

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Umesh Prasad
Umesh Prasad
Mutori wenhau weSainzi | Muvambi mupepeti, magazini yeScientific European

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