Fusarium xylarioides, fungus inotakurwa nevhu inokonzera "Coffee wilt disease" ine nhoroondo yekukonzera kukanganisa kukuru kune zvirimwa zvekofi. Pakave nekuputika kwechirwere muma1920s izvo zvakagadziriswa nemazvo. Zvakadaro, chirwere ichi chakabatana zvakare nekufamba kwenguva izvo zvakaita kuti pave nekuputika kwakakonzera kukanganisa kwakanyanya kwegoho. Zvidzidzo zvepakutanga zvakaratidza kuti causative fungal specie inogona kunge yakashanduka nekuwana majini kubva kune inofambidzana. Ongororo yakaburitswa muna Zvita 5, 2024 yakasimbisa kuti kubudazve kwechirwere chekofi chakakonzerwa nekuchinjika kwemajini kubva kumhando dzefungal Fusarium oxysporum kuenda kune inokonzeresa mhando Fusarium xylarioides iyo yakabvumira causal fungal mhando kushanduka uye kuwana yakakodzera. hunhu hwekukanganisa zvirimwa zvinotungamira mukumukazve kwekuputika uye kukuvadzwa kwezvirimwa zvekofi.
Muchiinjiniya chemajini, jini nyowani kana DNA inopinzwa musero remunhu pachishandiswa mavector akaita seplasmids kana mavhairasi akagadziridzwa kuunza kugona kutsva kumunhu.
Muzvisikwa, kutamiswa kwemajini kana kutapurirana ruzivo rwemajini kunoitika mukuberekana kubva kuvabereki kuenda kuvana zvichidzika nezvizvarwa. Ichi chinhu chinozivikanwa mueukaryotes chinovagonesa kuwana mutsauko wekuchinja uye shanduko. Mune prokaryotes senge mabhakitiriya, zvisinei, genetic zvinhu zvinotamirwa zvakadzika (kana kumberi) pakati pezvipenyu zvechizvarwa chimwe chete pasina kubatanidza kubereka. Izvi zvinodaidzwa kunzi horizontal gene transfer (HGT) uye ndiyo chete nzira iyo mabhakitiriya anogona kuwana majini matsva kuti aenderane nemaitiro asina kunaka ekusarudza uye kushanduka kuti ararame. Izvi zvinogona kuitika nekuchinjisa DNA kubva kune zvakatipoteredza uye kubatanidzwa kwayo mubhakitiriya chromosome kana plasmid (shanduko). Majini anogona zvakare kutamiswa akachinjika kubva kune rimwe bhakitiriya kuenda kune rimwe nebhakitiriya-inotapurira hutachiona kana bacteriophages (transduction), kana nekuchinjika kwakatwasuka kwemajini kubva kune anopa bhakitiriya sero kuenda kune anogamuchira sero kuburikidza nebonde pilus (conjugation).
Kunyangwe ichinyanya kucherechedzwa muprokaryotes, yakatwasuka gene kutamisa inosanganiswa neeukaryotes zvakare. Endosymbiosis inozivikanwa kuve yakaita basa mukushanduka kweukaryotic kuburikidza nebhakitiriya-eukaryote gene transfer. Zviitiko zvakawanda zveeukaryote -eukaryote gene transfer zvakanyorwa.
Chiitiko chehorizontal gene transfer chakakosha nekuti chinobatsira kushanduka. Semuyenzaniso, Izvi zvinokonzeresa kugadzirwa kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya/mushonga wemishonga yakawanda yebhakitiriya inova nyaya huru yehutano hweveruzhinji. Mukurima, basa rekuchinjisa jena kuchinjisa pakati pemhando dzefungal dzakagara dzichifungidzirwa mukubudazve kwechirwere chekofi wilt.
Chirwere cheKofi Wilt
Kofi chirimwa chakakosha chekutengesa. Saizi yayo yemusika wepasi rose inofungidzirwa kunge ingangoita madhora mazana maviri nemakumi maviri nematatu emadhora. Muti wekofi ndewe genus Coffea. Iine mhando dzakawanda, asi Arabica neRobusta ndiyo inonyanya kufarirwa inoverengera yakawanda yekugadzirwa kwepasirese. kofi arabica inoverengera 60-80% yekugadzirwa kwekofi pasi rose, uku Coffea canphora (inowanzozivikanwa seCoffea robusta) inokwana 20-40%.
Coffee wilt chirwere chinokonzerwa nefungus inotakura muvhu Fusarium xylarioides iyo inowana kupinda kuburikidza nemidzi yechirimwa kuisa iyo xylem inoshatisa madziro esero kune zvinovaka muviri. Inovhara kukwira kwemvura zvichikonzera kusvava kwezvirimwa. Iyo yakabatana fungus Fusarium oxysporum zvakare chirwere chinotakurwa nevhu chinopararira nevhu rakazara uye chinokonzeresa chirwere chekusvava muzvirimwa zvakawanda senge chirwere chePanama mumabhanana, tomato vascular wilt nezvimwe. F. oxysporum anogara pane zvimwe zvirimwa (sebhanana) akarimwa nekofi kuitira mumvuri asi anogovana kofi semugamuchiri F. xylarioides.
Kubva kuma1920, zvirimwa zvekofi muAfrica zvakatambura nekubuda kwechirwere chewilt nguva nenguva nekukuvadza pakofi. Kubudisa nemararamiro evarimi, kunyanya muEthiopia nepakati peAfrica. Zvirwere zvekutanga zvema1920s zvakabatwa zvakabudirira pachishandiswa nzira dzakakodzera asi chirwere ichi chakatangazve muna 2000s. Akaita causative fungus Fusarium xylarioides inopinda shanduko mushure mekutanga kubuda muna 1920s kuitira kusimudzira kugona kutapurira zvidyarwa zvekofi zvinotungamira mukubudazve kwekuputika? Paive nezviratidzo kubva kuzvidzidzo izvozvo F. xylarioides akawana majini ekuwedzera kugona kutapurira.
Historical genomics chidzidzo chakaburitswa muna 2021 chakatsigira pfungwa yekuti zvidyarwa zvekofi zvearabica nerobusta zvakawana mamwe magene emagetsi kuburikidza nekutamisa kwakatwasuka kubva. F. oxysporum. Effector majini encode mamorekuru anobatanidzwa mukugadzwa kwechirwere. Aya majini anoratidzirwa mukati mehupenyu hwefungidziro kutsigira chirwere.
Muchidzidzo chechangobva kuitika chakaburitswa muna Zvita 5, 2024, vaongorori vakaita kuenzanisa genomic ongororo yegumi nematatu emhando dzenhoroondo. F. oxysporum kuti unzwisise kuti chirwere chewilt chinokonzera fungus chakashanduka sei uye chakagadziridzwa kune chayo zvirimwa zvekofi. Zvakaonekwa kuti F. Xylarioides ine mitsara mina yakasiyana: imwe yakagadziridzwa kune arabica coffee plant, imwe yakagadziridzwa kumiti yekofi ye robusta, uye mitsara miviri yenhoroondo yaigara pamhando dzekofi dzine hukama. Uyezve, aya marudzi akanga awana majini anokosha kubva kune akabatana F. oxysporum, izvo zvinoita kuti pave nechirwere F. xylarioides kuputsa madziro emasero emiti yekofi kukonzera chirwere chewilt. The eukaryote-eukaryote horizontal gene kutamisa kubva F. oxysporum to F. xylarioides yakabvumira iyo yekare kukanganisa zvirimwa zvekofi zvinobudirira zvichiita kuti chirwere cheCoffee wilt chivepo zvakare.
Kunzwisisa uku kwekuti chirwere ichi chinokonzereswa sei kunogona kubatsira mukugadzirisa maitiro ekurima uye kubata zvirwere zvezvirimwa zvakanyanya.
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References:
- Yunivhesiti yeColorado Denver. Horizontal Gene Transfer - chiitiko-gwara. Inowanikwa pa https://www.ucdenver.edu/docs/librariesprovider132/a-sync_sl/genetics/upload-2/bacterial-genetics/horizontal-gene-transfer-activity-guide.pdf
- Keeling, P., Palmer, J. Horizontal gene transfer in eukaryotic evolution. Nat Rev Genet 9, 605–618 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg2386
- Peck, LD, nevamwe. Historical genomics inoratidza maitiro ekushanduka-shanduka kuseri kwekubuda kwakawanda kweiyo host-chaiyo kofi wilt pathogen Fusarium xylarioides. BMC Genomics 22, 404 (2021). Rakabudiswa: 04 June 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-021-07700-4
- Peck LD, et al. Kuchinjika kwakatwasuka pakati pefungal Fusarium marudzi kwakakonzera kubuda kunotevedzana kwechirwere chekofi wilt. PLoS Biology. Rakabudiswa: 5 Zvita 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3002480
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