Nyaya ine hunhu huviri; zvese zviripo zvese sechikamu uye wave. Patembiricha iri pedyo neabsolute zero, masaisai emaatomu anozoonekwa nemwaranzi munzvimbo inooneka. Pakutonhora kwakanyanya kudaro mu nanoKelvin range, maatomu anobatana kuita chinhu chimwe chakakura uye ochinja kuenda kunzvimbo yechishanu inonzi Bose Eisenstein Condensate (BEC) inoita sesaisai muhomwe huru. Kufanana nemasaisai ese, maatomu ari mudunhu rino anoratidza chiitiko chekuvhiringidza uye maitiro ekukanganisa emafungu eatomu anogona kuongororwa mumarabhoritari. Atomu interferometers akaiswa munzvimbo ye microgravity yechadenga inoita seyakanyanya kunyatso nzwa uye inopa mukana wekuyera yakanyanya kusimba kumhanya. Iyo mini firiji yakakura saizi yeCold Atom Laboratory (CAL) inotenderera Nyika iri muInternational Space Station (ISS) inzvimbo yekutsvagisa yekudzidza yeakanyanya-anotonhora quantum magasi munzvimbo yemicrogravity yechadenga. Yakagadziridzwa neAtom Interferometer makore mashoma apfuura. Sezviri mushumo wakaburitswa musi wa13 Nyamavhuvhu 2024), vaongorori vakabudirira kuyedza nzira yekuwana nzira. Ivo vaigona kuyera vibrations yeISS vachishandisa matatu-pulse Mach-Zehnder interferometer pabhodhi CAL nzvimbo. Aka kaive kekutanga quantum sensor yakashandiswa muchadenga kuona shanduko munzvimbo dzakapoteredza. Chiyedzo chechipiri chaisanganisira kushandiswa kweRamsey shear-wave interferometry kuratidza maitiro ekukanganisa mukumhanya kumwe chete. Iwo mapatani aionekwa kweanopfuura 150 ms yemahara-yekuwedzera nguva. Uku ndiko kwaive kuratidzwa kwenguva refu kwemafungu emhando yemaatomu mukudonha kwemahara muchadenga. Chikwata chekutsvagisa chakayerawo iyo Bragg laser photon recoil sechiratidzo chekutanga quantum sensor uchishandisa atomu interferometry muchadenga. Zviitiko izvi zvakakosha. Semasensa akanyatsojeka, nzvimbo-yakavakirwa ultracold atomu interferometers inogona kuyera kukwirisa kusina kusimba nekudaro inopa mikana yekuti vaongorori vaongorore mibvunzo (senge nyaya yakasviba uye simba rakasviba, nyaya-anti-matter asymmetry, kubatana kwegiravhiti nemamwe minda) kuti General Relativity uye Standard Model yeparticle fizikisi haigone kutsanangura nekuzadza mukaha mukunzwisisa kwedu kwepasirese.
Masaisai anoratidza chiitiko chekuvhiringidza, kureva kuti, masaisai maviri kana anopfuura akabatana achibatana kuti ape kune mhedzisiro inokonzeresa iyo inogona kuva nepamusoro kana kudzika amplitude zvichienderana nezvikamu zvemafungu ekubatanidza. Muchiitiko chechiedza, tinoona mafungu anoguma nenzira yerima uye chiedza chemipendero.
Interferometry inzira yekuyera maitiro uchishandisa chiitiko chekuvhiringidza. Zvinosanganisira kupatsanura mafungu echiitiko kuita matanda maviri anofamba nzira dzakasiyana obva asanganidza kuita mhedzisiro yekukanganisa patani kana mipendero (munyaya yechiedza). Mhedzisiro inokonzeresa yekukanganisa inotarisisa kune shanduko yemamiriro ekufamba nzira dzematanda, semuenzaniso, chero shanduko muhurefu hwekufamba nzira kana mune chero ndima ine chekuita newavelength inokanganisa kupindira uye inogona kushandiswa kuyerwa.
de Broglie wave kana nyaya wave
Nyaya ine hunhu huviri; iripo zvose sechidimbu pamwe chete nemasaisai. Chese chidimbu chinofamba kana chinhu chine wave maitiro akapihwa naDe Broglie Equation
λ = h/mv = h/p = h/√3mKT
uko λ is wavelength, h inogara yaPlanck, m yakakura, v isvelocity yechikamu, p is momentum, K is Boltzmann constant, uye T tembiricha muKelvin.
Iyo thermal de Broglie wavelength inoenzana neskweya mudzi wetembiricha mu kelvin zvichireva kuti λ ichave yakakura pakudzikira tembiricha.
Kudzidza kwemafungu anotonhora eatomu
Kune atomu yakajairika, iyo de Broglie wavelength patembiricha yekamuri iri muhurongwa hweangstrom (10-10 m) zvi. 0.1 nanometer (1 nm=10-9 m). Mwaranzi yewavelength yakapihwa inogona kugadzirisa zvinhu muhukuru hwakafanana. Chiedza hachikwanisi kugadzirisa zvinhu zvidiki pane kureba kwayo nekudaro atomu yakajairwa patembiricha yemumba haigone kufananidzwa uchishandisa mwenje unooneka une wavelength muhuwandu hunosvika 400 nm kusvika 700 nm. X-rays inogona kuita nekuda kweangstrom range wavelength asi simba rayo guru rinoparadza maatomu chaiwo ainofanirwa kuona. Naizvozvo, mhinduro iri mukuderedza tembiricha yeatomu (kusvika pasi pe10-6 kelvin) kuitira kuti de Broglie wavelengths emaatomu awedzere uye agoenzaniswa nemasaisai echiedza chinooneka. Pakutonhora kwakanyanya, mafungu emhando yemaatomu anoyerwa uye akakodzera kune interferometry.
Sezvo tembiricha yemaatomu ichidzikiswa zvakanyanya mu nanokelvin range (10-9 kelvin) kusvika ku400 nK, iyo atomic bosons shanduko kuenda kune yechishanu mamiriro ezvinhu anonzi Bose-Einstein condensate (BCE). Pakunyanya kuderera kwe tembiricha pedyo ne zero chaiyo kana mafambiro ekupisa kwezvikamu zvanyanya kusanyanya kukosha, maatomu anobatana kuita chinhu chimwe chikuru chinoita sesaisai muhomwe huru. Iyi mamiriro emaatomu anopa mukana kune vaongorori kuti vadzidze quantum masisitimu pachiyero che macroscopic. Atomic yekutanga BCE yakasikwa muna 1995 mugasi rerubidium maatomu. Kubva ipapo, nzvimbo iyi yakaona kuvandudzwa kwakawanda mune tekinoroji. The molecular BEC yemamorekuru eNaCs achangobva kugadzirwa patembiricha ye ultracold ye5 nanoKelvin (nK).
Microgravity mamiriro ari muchadenga ari nani kune quantum mechanical research
Simba rinokwevera pasi mumarabhoritari epasi rinoda kushandiswa kwemagnetic trap kubata maatomu panzvimbo kuitira kutonhora kunoshanda. Gravity zvakare inodzikamisa nguva yekudyidzana nemaBEC mumarabhoritari epasi. Kuumbwa kweBECs mune microgravity nharaunda yenzvimbo-yakavakirwa marabhoritari inokunda izvi zvipimo. Microgravity nharaunda inogona kuwedzera yekudyidzana nguva uye kuderedza kuvhiringika kubva kumunda wakaiswa, nekudaro tsigiro iri nani quantum mechanical research. MaBC ikozvino anowanzo kuumbwa pasi pe microgravity mamiriro ari muchadenga.
Cold Atom Laboratory (CAL) paInternational Space Station (ISS)
Cold Atom Laboratory (CAL) inzvimbo yekutsvagisa-vakawanda yakavakirwa paInternational Space Station (ISS) yekudzidza ekupedzisira-anotonhora quantum magasi munzvimbo yemicrogravity yenzvimbo. CAL inoshandiswa kure kure kubva panzvimbo yekushanda paJet Propulsion Laboratory.
Pane ino nzvimbo-yakavakirwa nzvimbo, zvinokwanisika kuve nenguva dzekutarisa pamusoro pemasekonzi gumi uye tembiricha inotonhora iri pasi pe10 picoKelvin (100 pK= 1).-12 Kelvin) yekudzidza nezve quantum phenomena.
Cold Atom Lab yakatangwa musi wa 21 Mbudzi 2018 uye yakaiswa paISS mukupera kwaMay 2018. A Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC) yakagadzirwa munzvimbo ino-yakavakirwa nzvimbo muna July 2018. Iyi yakanga iri nguva yokutanga; chikamu chechishanu chezvinhu chakasikwa muEarth orbit. Gare gare, nzvimbo yacho yakagadziridzwa zvichitevera kuiswa kweiyo ultracold atomu interferometers.
CAL yakawana zvibodzwa zvakawanda mumakore achangopfuura. Rubidium Bose–Einstein condensates (BECs) yakagadzirwa muchadenga muna 2020. Zvakaratidzwawo kuti nharaunda yemicrogravity inobatsira pakuedza kutonhora-atomu.
Gore rapfuura, muna 2023, vaongorori vakagadzira maviri-mhando BEC yakaumbwa kubva 87rb uye 41K uye yakaratidza panguva imwe chete yeatomu interferometry nemhando mbiri dzeatomu kekutanga munzvimbo munzvimbo yeCold Atom Laboratory. Izvi zvakabudirira zvaive zvakakosha kune quantum bvunzo dzepasirese yekudonha kwemahara (UFF) muchadenga.
Kufambira mberi kwazvino mu space-based quantum tekinoroji
Sekureva kweshumo rakaburitswa musi wa13 Nyamavhuvhu 2024), vaongorori vakashanda 87Rb maatomu muCAL atomu interferometer uye akabudirira kuita matatu nzira yekutsvaga nzira. Ivo vaigona kuyera vibrations yeISS vachishandisa matatu-pulse Mach-Zehnder interferometer pabhodhi CAL nzvimbo. Aka kaive kekutanga quantum sensor yakashandiswa muchadenga kuona shanduko munzvimbo dzakapoteredza. Chiyedzo chechipiri chaisanganisira kushandiswa kweRamsey shear-wave interferometry kuratidza maitiro ekukanganisa mukumhanya kumwe chete. Iwo mapatani aionekwa kweanopfuura 150 ms yemahara-yekuwedzera nguva. Uku ndiko kwaive kuratidzwa kwenguva refu kwemafungu emhando yemaatomu mukudonha kwemahara muchadenga. Chikwata chekutsvagisa chakayerawo iyo Bragg laser photon recoil sechiratidzo chekutanga quantum sensor uchishandisa atomu interferometry muchadenga.
Kukosha kwema ultracold atomu interferometers akaiswa muchadenga
Maatomu interferometers anoshandisa quantum hunhu hweatomu uye anotarisisa zvakanyanya kune shanduko mukukwidziridza kana minda saka ane maapplication sematurusi epamusoro chaiwo. Earth-based atomi interferometers anoshandiswa kudzidza giravhiti uye mune yepamusoro navigation matekinoroji.
Space-based atomu interferometers ine mabhenefiti ekuramba ari microgravity nharaunda iyo inopa mahara kudonha mamiriro ane simba shoma reminda. Iyo inobatsirawo Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) kusvika kune inotonhora tembiricha mupicoKelvin renji uye iripo kwenguva yakareba. Iyo mambure mhedzisiro inowedzerwa nguva yekutarisa saka mukana uri nani wekudzidza. Izvi zvinopa ultracold atomu interferometers akaiswa munzvimbo ine yakakwirira-chaiyo yekuyera kugona uye kuita iwo super-sensors.
Ultracold maatomu interferometers akaiswa muchadenga anogona kuona misiyano isina kujeka musimba rinokwevera zvinhu iro rinoratidza mutsauko mukuwanda. Izvi zvinogona kubatsira mukudzidza kuumbwa kwemitumbi yemapuraneti uye chero shanduko huru.
Kuyera kwepamusoro chaiko kwesimba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi kunogonawo kubatsira kunzwisisa zviri nani zvinhu zvakasviba uye simba rakasviba uye mukuongorora masimba asina kujeka anopfuura General Relativity uye Standard Model inotsanangura zvinoonekwa zvakasikwa.
General Relativity uye Standard Model ndiwo dzidziso mbiri dzinotsanangura zvinoonekwa zvakasikwa. Yakajairwa modhi yechidimbu fizikisi ndeye quantum munda dzidziso. Inotsanangura chete 5 % yepasirese, iyo yese 95% iri murima zvimiro (yakasviba zvinhu uye rima simba) zvatisinganzwisise. Iyo Standard Model haigone kutsanangura yakasviba chinhu uye rima simba. Haikwanise kutsanangura nyaya-antimatter asymmetry zvakare. Saizvozvowo, simba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi harina kukwanisa kubatanidzwa nemamwe minda parizvino. Chokwadi chechadenga hachina kutsanangurwa zvizere nedzidziso dzazvino uye mienzaniso. Magiant accelerators uye observatories haakwanise kujekesa zvakawanda zvezvakavanzika izvi zvechisikigo. Semasensa akanyatsojeka, nzvimbo-based ultracold atomi interferometers inopa mikana kune vaongorori kuti vaongorore mibvunzo iyi kuti vazadze mukaha mukunzwisisa kwedu kwepasirese.
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References:
- Meystre, Pierre 1997. Apo maatomu anova masaisai. Inowanikwa pa https://wp.optics.arizona.edu/pmeystre/wp-content/uploads/sites/34/2016/03/when-atoms.pdf
- NASA. Cold Atom Laboratory - Universe Missions. Inowanikwa pa https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/cold-atom-laboratory-cal & https://coldatomlab.jpl.nasa.gov/
- Aveline, DC, et al. Kucherechedzwa kweBose-Einstein inonamira muPasi-inotenderera tsvakurudzo lab. Zvisikwa 582, 193–197 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2346-1
- Elliott, ER, Aveline, DC, Bigelow, NP et al. Quantum gasi musanganiswa uye maviri-emhando atomu interferometry munzvimbo. Zvisikwa 623, 502–508 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06645-w
- Williams, JR, and said 2024. Pathfinder inoedza neatomu interferometry muCold Atom Lab iri paInternational Space Station. Nat Commun 15, 6414. Rakabudiswa: 13 Nyamavhuvhu 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-50585-6 . Preprint version https://arxiv.org/html/2402.14685v1
- NASA Inoratidza 'Ultra-Kutonhorera' Quantum Sensor Kekutanga Muchadenga. Rakabudiswa 13 Nyamavhuvhu 2024.Inowanikwa pa https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasa-demonstrates-ultra-cool-quantum-sensor-for-first-time-in-space
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